Various pan-European datasets and published empirical relationships were used to approximate 5 factors of the universal soil loss equation (USLE, Table 1 in the related publication). Different approaches for C and R were applied to consider different environmental conditions in northern and southern Europe (Gericke 2015, Fig. 1).
This soil-loss map (see Appendix) is the product of these factors: E = R.C.K.L.S with
L - slope-length factor, derived from the global SRTM digital elevation model (Jarvis et al. 2008)
S - slope angle, calculated from SRTM
R - rainfall and runoff factor, taken from long-term average annual precipitation for European catchments (Vogt et al. 2007)
C - vegetation cover, derived from European and global data on land use and land cover (Corine Land Cover 2006, GlobCover v2.2) (European Environment Agency 2010, 2010a, 2010b, European Space Agency 2008)
K - soil erodibility, derived from the European Soil Database (European Commission & European Soil Bureau Network 2004)
The unit of E is tons/hectare. The spatial resolution of the gridded dataset (100 metres) was determined by the digital elevation model and the land use data.
In the related publication (Gericke 2015), this map was named "2kbc". It was compared to other realisations and found to be most suitable to explain the spatial variability of suspended-solids yields and sediment delivery ratios (SDR) of river catchments in various European regions.
This map can be used in regional to continental studies to obtain regional sediment delivery ratios or to estimate sediment yields of large river catchments. Users of this map should keep in mind the inherent limitations of the USLE and sediment yields, as well as the accuracy of the underlying datasets when assessing results. Please note that none of the alternative maps in the related study was found to optimally predict SDR and sediment yields everywhere.
Africa, North America, South America, Asia, Europe, Oceania
countries:
Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Western Sahara, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Somaliland
North America: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cayman Islands, Clipperton Island, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Navassa Island, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States, United States Virgin Islands
South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela
Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Cyprus, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Palestinian territories, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen, Abkhazia, Taiwan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Northern Cyprus, South Ossetia
Europe: Åland Islands, Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Svalbard, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City, Kosovo, Pridnestrovie (Transnistria)
Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
freshwater ecoregions of the world (FEOW) according to WWF:
Africa:
Albertine Highlands, Amatolo - Winterberg Highlands, Ashanti, Bangweulu - Mweru, Bight Drainages, Cape Fold, Coastal East Africa, Comoros - Mayotte, Cuanza, Cuvette Centrale, Drakensberg - Maloti Highlands, Dry Sahel, Eastern Zimbabwe Highlands, Eburneo, Ethiopian Highlands, Etosha, Fouta - Djalon, Horn of Africa, Inner Niger Delta, Kafue, Kalahari, Karoo, Karstveld Sink Holes, Kasai, Lake Chad, Lake Malawi, Lake Rukwa, Lake Tana, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Turkana, Lake Victoria Basin, Lower Congo, Lower Congo Rapids, Lower Niger - Benue, Lower Nile, Lower Zambezi, Madagascar Eastern Highlands, Madagascar Eastern Lowlands, Mai Ndombe, Malagarasi - Moyowosi, Malebo Pool, Mascarenes, Mediterranean Northwest Africa, Middle Zambezi - Luangwa, Mount Nimba, Mulanje, Namib, Niger Delta, Nile Delta, Northern Eastern Rift, Northern Gulf of Guinea Drainages, Northern Upper Guinea, Northwestern Madagascar, Ogooue - Nyanga - Kouilou - Niari, Okavango, Pangani, S. Tome & Principe - Annobon, Sahara, Sangha, Senegal - Gambia, Seychelles, Shebelle - Juba, Southern Eastern Rift, Southern Gulf of Guinea Drainages - Bioko, Southern Kalahari, Southern Madagascar, Southern Temperate Highveld, Southern Upper Guinea, Sudanic Congo - Oubangi, Tana, Athi & Coastal Drainages, Tumba, Uele, Upper Congo, Upper Congo Rapids, Upper Lualaba, Upper Niger, Upper Nile, Upper Zambezi Floodplains, Volta, Western Equatorial Crater Lakes, Western Madagascar, Western Orange, Western Red Sea Drainages, Zambezian Headwaters, Zambezian Highveld, Zambezian Lowveld
North America:
Alaska & Canada Pacific Coastal, Alaskan Coastal, Ameca - Manantlan, Apalachicola, Appalachian Piedmont, Bahama Archipelago, Bermuda, Bonneville, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canadian Atlantic Islands, Central Arctic Coastal, Central Prairie, Chagres, Chesapeake Bay, Chiapas - Fonseca, Chiriqui, Coatzacoalcos, Cocos Island (Costa Rica), Colorado, Columbia Glaciated, Columbia Unglaciated, Cuatro Cienegas, Cuba - Cayman Islands, Cumberland, Death Valley, East Texas Gulf, Eastern Hudson Bay - Ungava, English - Winnipeg Lakes, Estero Real - Tempisque, Florida Peninsula, Gila, Grijalva - Usumacinta, Gulf of St.Lawrence Coastal Drainages, Guzman - Samalayuca, Hispaniola, Isthmus Caribbean, Jamaica, Lahontan, Laurentian Great Lakes, Lerma - Chapala, Llanos El Salado, Lower Mackenzie, Lower Mississippi, Lower Rio Grande - Bravo, Mayran - Viesca, Middle Missouri, Middle Saskatchewan, Mobile Bay, Mosquitia, Northeast US & Southeast Canada Atlantic Drainages, Oregon & Northern California Coastal, Oregon Lakes, Ouachita Highlands, Ozark Highlands, Panuco, Papaloapan, Pecos, Puerto Rico - Virgin Islands, Quintana Roo - Motagua, Rio Balsas, Rio Conchos, Rio Salado, Rio San Juan (Mexico), Rio Santiago, Rio Tuira, Sabine - Galveston, Sacramento - San Joaquin, San Juan (Nicaragua/Costa Rica), Santa Maria, Scotia - Fundy, Sierra Madre del Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora, Southern California Coastal - Baja California, Southern Hudson Bay, St.Lawrence, Teays - Old Ohio, Tennessee, Upper Mackenzie, Upper Mississippi, Upper Missouri, Upper Rio Grande - Bravo, Upper Saskatchewan, Upper Snake, Upper Usumacinta, Upper Yukon, US Southern Plains, Vegas - Virgin, West Florida Gulf, West Texas Gulf, Western Hudson Bay, Windward & Leeward Islands, Yucatan
South America:
Amazonas Estuary & Coastal Drainages, Amazonas Guiana Shield, Amazonas High Andes, Amazonas Lowlands, Atacama, Bonaerensean Drainages, Central Andean Pacific Slopes, Chaco, Cuyan - Desaguadero, Essequibo, Fluminense, Galapagos Islands, Guapore - Itenez, Guianas, Iguassu, Juan Fernandez Island, Laguna dos Patos, Lower Parana, Lower Uruguay, Madeira Brazilian Shield, Magdalena - Sinu, Mamore - Madre de Dios Piedmont, Mar Chiquita - Salinas Grandes, Maracaibo, North Andean Pacific Slopes - Rio Atrato, Northeastern Caatinga & Coastal Drainages, Northeastern Mata Atlantica, Orinoco Delta & Coastal Drainages, Orinoco Guiana Shield, Orinoco High Andes, Orinoco Llanos, Orinoco Piedmont, Paraguay, Paraiba do Sul, Parnaiba, Patagonia, Ribeira de Iguape, Rio Negro, S. Francisco, South America Caribbean Drainages - Trinidad, South Andean Pacific Slopes, Southeastern Mata Atlantica, Tapajos - Juruena, Titicaca, Tocantins - Araguaia, Tramandai - Mampituba, Ucayali - Urubamba Piedmont, Upper Parana, Upper Uruguay, Valdivian Lakes, Western Amazon Piedmont, Xingu
Asia:
Aceh, Anadyr, Andaman Islands, Aral Sea Drainages, Argun, Balkash - Alakul, Baluchistan, Biwa Ko, Borneo Highlands, Central & Eastern Java, Chao Phraya, Chin Hills - Arakan Coast, Chuya, Coastal Amur, Coastal Fujian - Zeijang, Dzungaria, East Chukotka, Eastern Borneo, Eastern Gulf of Thailand Drainages, Eastern Taiwan, Eastern Yellow Sea Drainages, Er Hai, Ganges Delta & Plain, Ganges Himalayan Foothills, Hainan, Hamgyong - Sanmaek, Helmand - Sistan, Honshu - Shikoku - Kyushu, Huang He Great Bend, Indian Ocean Slope of Sumatra & Java, Indus Himalayan Foothills, Inle Lake, Inner Mongolia Endorheic Basins, Irgyz -Turgai, Kamchatka & Northern Kurils, Kapuas, Khorat Plateau (Mekong), Kolyma, Koryakia, Kratie - Stung Treng (Mekong), Lake Baikal, Lake Issyk Kul - Upper Chu, Lake Lanao, Lake Poso, Lena, Lesser Sunda Islands, Liao He, Lower & Middle Indus, Lower & Middle Salween, Lower & Middle Syr Darya, Lower Amur, Lower Huang He, Lower Lancang (Mekong), Lower Yangtze, Mae Khlong, Malay Peninsula Eastern Slope, Malili Lakes, Malukku, Mekong Delta, Middle Amu Darya, Middle Amur, Middle Brahmaputra, Middle Yangtze, Mindanao, Namuda - Tapi, Nicobar Islands, Northeastern Borneo, Northern Annam, Northern Central Asian Highlands, Northern Central Sumatra - Western Malaysia, Northern Deccan Plateau, Northern Philippine Islands, Northwestern Borneo, Ob, Okhotsk Coast, Palawan - Busuanga - Mindoro, Qaidan, Sakhalin, Hokkaido, & Sikhote - Alin Coast, Shilka (Amur), Sitang - Irawaddy, Song Hong, Songhua Jiang, Southeastern Borneo, Southeastern Ghats, Southeastern Korean Peninsula, Southern Annam, Southern Central Sumatra, Southern Deccan Plateau, Southern Sumatra - Western Java, Sri Lanka Dry Zone, Sri Lanka Wet Zone, Sulawesi, Taimyr, Tarim, Tibetan Plateau Endorheic Drainages, Upper Amu Darya, Upper Brahmaputra, Upper Huang He, Upper Huang He Corridor, Upper Indus, Upper Irtysh, Upper Lancang (Mekong), Upper Salween, Upper Yangtze, Western Ghats, Western Mongolia, Western Taiwan, Xi Yiang, Yaghistan, Yenisei, Yunnan Lakes
Europe:
Aegean Drainages, Arabian Interior, Atlantic Northwest Africa, Barents Sea Drainages, Cantabric Coast - Languedoc, Caspian Highlands, Caspian Marine, Central & Western Europe, Central Anatolia, Coastal Levant, Crimea Peninsula, Dalmatia, Dnieper - South Bug, Dniester - Lower Danube, Don, Eastern Iberia, Esfahan, Gulf of Venice Drainages, Iceland - Jan Mayen, Ionian Drainages, Italian Peninsula & Islands, Jordan River, Kavir & Lut Deserts, Kuban, Kura - South Caspian Drainages, Lake Onega - Lake Ladoga, Lake Van, Lower Tigris & Euphrates, Namak, Northern Anatolia, Northern Baltic Drainages, Northern British Isles, Northern Hormuz Drainages, Norwegian Sea Drainages, Oman Mountains, Orontes, Orumiyeh, Sinai, Southeastern Adriatic Drainages, Southern Anatolia, Southern Baltic Lowlands, Southern Iberia, Southwestern Arabian Coast, Thrace, Turan Plain, Upper Danube, Upper Tigris & Euphrates, Vardar, Volga - Ural, Volga Delta - Northern Caspian Drainages, Western Anatolia, Western Caspian Drainages, Western Iberia, Western Transcaucasia
Iberic-Macaronesian Region (ER1), Pyrenees (ER2), Italy, Corsica and Malta (ER3), Alps (ER4), Dinaric Western Balkan (ER5), Hellenic Western Balkan (ER6), Eastern Balkan (ER7), Western Highlands (ER8), Central Highlands (ER9), The Carpathians (ER10), Hungarian Lowlands (ER11), Pontic Province (ER12), Western Plains (ER13), Central Plains (ER14), Baltic Province (ER15), Eastern Plains (ER16), Ireland and Northern Ireland (ER17), Great Britain (ER18), Iceland (ER19), Borealic Uplands (ER20), Tundra (ER21), Fenno-Scandian Shield (ER22), Taiga (ER23), The Caucasus (ER24), Caspic Depression (ER25), North Africa (ERX), Middle East (ERY)
ecosystem type:
rivers, lakes/ponds, wetlands, groundwater, general freshwater, coastal areas
environmental variables (freshwater or terrestrial)
climatic variables (current and predictions)
others/specify
others/details:
digital elevation model
availability of photos:
no
availability of maps:
no
quality control procedures:
Were any quality control procedures applied to your dataset?
no
comments:
The average soil loss is in tons per hectare per grid cell. It was derived from elevation (Jarvis et al. 2008), land use and land cover in 2006 (European Environment Agency 2010, 2010a, 2010b, European Space Agency 2008), soil data (European Commission & European Soil Bureau Network 2004), and average annual precipitation 1975-1999 (Vogt et al. 2007).
European Commission & European Soil Bureau Network 2004. The European Soil Database distribution. Version 2.0 [CD-ROM] EUR 19945 EN. http://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/content/european-soil-database-v20-vector-and-attribute-data
European Environment Agency 2010. Corine Land Cover 1990 raster data. Version 13. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/ds_resolveuid/8b12c16a3c93eec2d6944abe42388d90
European Environment Agency 2010a. Corine Land Cover 2000 raster data. Version 13. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/ds_resolveuid/b00116e51c79865cf89a84162b8fd21e
European Environment Agency 2010b. Corine Land Cover 2006 raster data. Version 13. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/ds_resolveuid/a645109f7a11d43f5d7e275d81f35c61
European Space Agency 2008. GLOBCOVER, ESA Globcover Project, led by MEDIAS-France/POSTEL. Version 2.2. http://due.esrin.esa.int/page_globcover.php
Jarvis A., Reuter H. I., Nelson A. & Guevara E. 2008. Hole-filled SRTM for the globe. Version 4. Available from: CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90 m Database. http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org
Vogt J., Soille P., de Jager A., Rimaviciute E., Mehl W., Foisneau S., Bodis K., Dusart J., Paracchini M-L., Haastrup P., Bamps C. 2007. A pan-European river and catchment database. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. http://ccm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/php/index.php?action=view&id=23
